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| Takaitaccen Tarihin Napoleon Bonaparte |
Napoleon Bonaparte na daga cikin manyan shugabannin soja da siyasa da tarihin duniya ya taɓa sani. Ya kasance jagoran sojojin Faransa, shugaban ƙasa, sannan daga bisani Sarkin Faransa, wanda ya yi fice wajen nasarorin yaƙi, gyaran tsarin mulki, da sauya fasalin Turai a ƙarni na 19.
A yau, ana tunawa da Napoleon a matsayin hazikin masanin dabarun yaƙi, wanda ya gina daula mai faɗi, amma daga ƙarshe ya fuskanci rugujewa bayan manyan yaƙe-yaƙe da suka jefa shi cikin gudun hijira.
A wannan maƙala, za mu waiwayi tarihin Napoleon Bonaparte, yadda ya fara rayuwa, yadda ya hau mulki, nasarorinsa, da kuma mutuwarsa.
Wanene Napoleon Bonaparte?
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), wanda aka fi sani da Napoleon I, fitaccen shugaban soja ne kuma ɗan siyasa daga Faransa.
An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1769, a Ajaccio, tsibirin Corsica, wanda a lokacin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa.
Daga matashin ɗalibin makarantar soja, Napoleon ya zama:
- kwamandan rundunar Faransa
- shugaban ƙasa (First Consul)
- Sarkin Faransa
- ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin yaƙi a tarihin duniya
Farkon Rayuwar Napoleon Bonaparte
An haifi Napoleon da sunan Napoleone Buonaparte, cikin iyali mai matsakaicin hali.
Mahaifinsa, Carlo Buonaparte, lauya ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Letizia Ramolino ta kasance mace mai ƙarfi da tarbiyya.
Tun yana ƙarami, Napoleon ya nuna alamun:
✅ ƙwazo
✅ son karatu
✅ kaifin basira
✅ sha’awar jagoranci
A shekara ta 1779, ya shiga Kwalejin Soja ta Brienne, inda ya yi shekaru biyar yana karatun ilimin soja.
Daga baya ya wuce makarantar soja a Paris, inda ya kammala karatunsa cikin nasara.
Yadda Napoleon Ya Fara Hawa Mulki
Lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa (1789–1799) ne ya samu damar haskakawa.
Saboda rikice-rikicen siyasa da yaƙe-yaƙe, Faransa na bukatar hazikan shugabannin soja.
Napoleon ya yi fice a fagen yaƙi, musamman bayan nasarorin da ya samu a:
- Italiya
- yaƙe-yaƙe da Austria
- kare gwamnatin juyin juya hali daga masu tayar da ƙayar baya
Wadannan nasarori suka sa ya zama tauraron soja mafi haske a Faransa.
Juyin Mulkin 18 Brumaire
A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1799, Napoleon ya jagoranci juyin mulki da aka sani da:
Juyin Mulkin 18 Brumaire
Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen tsohuwar gwamnati, kuma aka kafa sabuwar gwamnati mai suna Consulate, inda Napoleon ya zama:
First Consul (Karamin Jakada na Farko)
A zahiri, wannan ya ba shi cikakken iko a Faransa.
Napoleon Ya Zama Sarkin Faransa
Bayan ya karfafa mulkinsa, a shekarar 1804, Napoleon ya ayyana kansa:
Sarkin Faransa
An naɗa shi a Notre-Dame Cathedral a Paris a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1804.
Abin da ya ja hankali shi ne:
Napoleon ya ɗauki rawanin sarauta da kansa ya sa a kansa, alamar cewa ikonsa ya fito daga kansa, ba daga cocin Katolika ba.
Napoleonic Code: Babban Gudunmawarsa ga Duniya
Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da Napoleon ya bari shi ne:
Napoleonic Code (Dokar Farar Hula ta Faransa)
Wannan tsarin doka ya kafa ka’idoji kamar:
- daidaito a gaban doka
- kare haƙƙin mallaka
- ƙarfafa tsarin iyali
- hana fifiko bisa asali ko matsayi
- bai wa mafi cancanta damar shiga gwamnati
Har yau, ƙasashe da dama a duniya suna amfani da tsarin da ya samo asali daga wannan dokar.
Yaƙe-Yaƙen Napoleon
Daga 1803 zuwa 1815, Turai ta shiga abin da ake kira:
Yaƙe-Yaƙen Napoleon
Napoleon ya yi nasarori masu yawa a kan manyan ƙasashe kamar:
- Austria
- Prussia
- Rasha
- wasu haɗin gwiwar Turai
Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorinsa shi ne:
Yaƙin Austerlitz (1805)
Wanda ake kira ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun dabarun yaƙi a tarihin duniya.
Mamayar Rasha: Farkon Faɗuwarsa
A shekarar 1812, Napoleon ya kai hari Rasha da rundunar kusan:
sojoji 600,000
Sai dai tsananin sanyi, yunwa, da hare-haren da suka biyo baya suka lalata rundunarsa.
Rahotanni sun nuna cewa:
ƙasa da sojoji 10,000 ne suka dawo da rai
Wannan mummunar asara ta zama farkon rugujewar daularsa.
Gudun Hijira zuwa Elba
A shekarar 1814, Napoleon ya sauka daga mulki, aka tura shi gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin:
Elba
Sai dai bai dade a can ba.
A shekarar 1815, ya tsere ya dawo Faransa, ya sake karɓar mulki na wani ɗan lokaci da ake kira:
Hundred Days (Kwanaki 100)
Yaƙin Waterloo: Karshen Mulkinsa
A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1815, Napoleon ya sha mummunan kaye a:
Yaƙin Waterloo
inda haɗin gwiwar Birtaniya da Prussia suka doke shi.
Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen mulkinsa har abada.
Gudun Hijira zuwa St. Helena
Bayan faduwarsa, Birtaniya ta tura shi zuwa tsibirin:
St. Helena
wani tsibiri mai nisa a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika.
A can ya rayu cikin kaɗaici, yana rubutu da tunani kan rayuwarsa ta baya.
Mutuwar Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon ya rasu a ranar:
5 ga Mayu, 1821
yana da shekaru 51.
Binciken likitoci ya nuna cewa kansar ciki ce ta yi sanadin mutuwarsa.
Daga baya aka mayar da gawarsa zuwa Paris, inda aka binne shi a:
Dôme des Invalides
wanda yanzu ya zama daya daga cikin wuraren tarihi mafi shahara a Faransa.
Auren Napoleon
Napoleon ya yi aure biyu:
1. Josephine de Beauharnais
Matar da ya fi so, amma suka rabu saboda rashin haihuwa.
2. Marie-Louise ta Austria
Ta haifa masa ɗa:
Napoleon II
wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Sarkin Roma.
Tasirin Napoleon a Tarihi
Har yau, ana tunawa da Napoleon saboda:
✅ dabarun yaƙi masu hazaka
✅ gyaran tsarin doka
✅ canza siyasar Turai
✅ kafa tsarin mulki da ya yi tasiri a duniya
✅ kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabanni a tarihin ɗan Adam
Kammalawa
Napoleon Bonaparte mutum ne da ya fara daga ƙaramin ɗalibin soja, ya zama Sarkin Faransa, ya mamaye rabin Turai, ya sake fasalta tsarin mulki, sannan daga ƙarshe ya mutu cikin gudun hijira.
Tarihinsa ya nuna cewa:
iko na iya kai mutum kololuwa, amma kuskuren dabaru na iya saukar da shi cikin sauri.
Ko da yake mulkinsa ya ƙare, tasirin Napoleon Bonaparte yana nan har yau a tsarin siyasa, doka da tarihin duniya.
