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| Tarihin Socrates |
Socrates na daga cikin manyan masana falsafa da tarihin duniya ya taɓa sani. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ginshiƙin falsafar Yammacin Turai, mutum wanda ya sauya yadda mutane ke tunani game da rayuwa, ilimi, ɗabi’a da kuma manufar rayuwar ɗan Adam. Duk da cewa bai rubuta littafi da kansa ba, koyarwarsa ta rayu ta hannun ɗalibansa irin su Plato da Xenophon, waɗanda suka yada tunaninsa zuwa duniya baki ɗaya.
A wannan maƙala, za mu duba waye Socrates, rayuwarsa, falsafarsa, yadda aka yi masa shari’a, mutuwarsa da kuma tasirin da ya bari a duniya.
Wanene Socrates?
Socrates tsohon masanin falsafa ne da aka haifa a Athens, ƙasar Girka, kimanin shekara ta 470 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Ya shahara wajen amfani da tambayoyi masu zurfi domin sa mutane su sake nazari kan abin da suka yi imani da shi.
Ba kamar sauran malamai na lokacin ba, Socrates bai cika yin lacca kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, yana tattaunawa da mutane ta hanyar yi musu tambayoyi masu sa tunani, domin su gano gaskiya da kansu. Wannan hanya ce daga baya aka sani da Hanyar Socratic (Socratic Method).
Asalin Rayuwarsa da Iyali
An haifi Socrates a gida mai matsakaicin hali. Mahaifinsa, Sophroniscus, mai sana’ar sassaka dutse ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Phaenarete ta kasance mai aikin jinya.
A farkon rayuwarsa, Socrates ya yi sana’ar mahaifinsa, inda ake zargin ya yi shekaru yana aikin sassaka kafin daga baya ya karkata gaba ɗaya zuwa bincike da falsafa.
Ya auri wata mata mai suna Xanthippe, wacce suka haifi ‘ya’ya uku. Wasu rubuce-rubuce na tarihi sun nuna cewa rayuwar aurensu ba ta kasance mai sauƙi ba, musamman saboda Socrates ya fi mayar da hankali wajen ilimantar da al’umma fiye da kula da al’amuran gida.
Socrates a Matsayin Soja
Kafin ya zama mashahurin masanin falsafa, Socrates ya yi aikin soja a Athens. Ya shiga manyan yaƙe-yaƙe uku na lokacin, ciki har da Yaƙin Peloponnesian, inda aka yaba masa saboda jarumtaka, juriya da rashin tsoro a filin daga.
Tarihi ya nuna cewa ya taba ceton rayuwar wani babban janar mai suna Alcibiades, abin da ya ƙara masa mutunci a idon jama’a.
Falsafar Socrates
Babban abin da Socrates ya yi imani da shi shi ne:
“Sanin kai shi ne tushen hikima.”
A ganinsa, mutum ba zai iya rayuwa mai kyau ba sai ya fahimci kansa, ya gane abin da yake daidai da kuma abin da yake ba daidai ba.
Ya kuma yi imanin cewa:
- Ilimi ya fi dukiya muhimmanci
- Ɗabi’a ita ce tushen rayuwa mai kyau
- Tambaya da bincike suna kai mutum ga gaskiya
- Mulki nagari ya kamata ya ginu a kan adalci da ilimi, ba zalunci ko son rai ba
Socrates ya ƙalubalanci ra’ayoyin gargajiya, yana jaddada cewa gaskiya ba ta fitowa daga bin al’ada kawai, sai an yi nazari da tunani mai zurfi.
Menene Hanyar Socratic?
Hanyar Socratic wata dabara ce ta koyarwa da bincike ta hanyar tambayoyi. Maimakon malami ya ba da amsa kai tsaye, sai ya riƙa yin tambayoyi domin ɗalibi ya kai kansa ga fahimta.
Misali:
Idan mutum ya ce: “Adalci abu ne mai sauƙi.”
Socrates zai tambaya:
- Menene adalci?
- Shin adalci iri ɗaya ne ga kowa?
- Wane abu ne yake sa abu ya zama adalci?
Ta haka, mutum zai fara sake tunani kan abin da ya ɗauka ya sani.
Wannan hanya ce da har yau ake amfani da ita a makarantu, jami’o’i da koyarwar shari’a a duniya.
Shari’ar Socrates
A shekara ta 399 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), gwamnatin Athens ta gurfanar da Socrates a kotu bisa zarge-zarge guda biyu:
- Lalata tunanin matasa
- Rashin girmama allolin gargajiya
Sai dai masana tarihi da dama sun yi imanin cewa ainihin dalilin shari’ar shi ne saboda Socrates ya kasance mai kalubalantar masu iko, yana fallasa raunin tunaninsu da manufofinsu.
A kotu, maimakon ya roƙi afuwa, Socrates ya tsaya kan gaskiyarsa, yana cewa aikin da yake yi na sa mutane su yi tunani yana da amfani ga al’umma.
Wannan magana tasa ba ta yi wa alkalai daɗi ba, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa.
Yadda Socrates Ya Mutu
Abokansa sun shirya hanyar da zai tsere daga gidan yari, amma ya ƙi.
Dalilinsa kuwa shi ne:
“Idan na karya dokar ƙasata saboda ceton raina, to na ci amanar abin da nake koyarwa.”
Saboda haka ya amince a zartar masa da hukuncin. An shayar da shi gubar Hemlock, wacce a hankali ta kashe shi.
Ya rasu yana da kimanin shekaru 71.
Tasirin Socrates a Duniya
Tasirin Socrates ya wuce zamaninsa. Ya zama tushen tunanin manyan masana falsafa kamar:
- Plato
- Aristotle
- Masanan ilimin ɗabi’a
- Masanan siyasa
- Malaman addini da masu tunani a duniya
Har yau, ana amfani da tunaninsa wajen:
- Koyar da falsafa
- Nazarin ɗabi’a
- Gina tsarin ilimi
- Fahimtar siyasa da shugabanci
- Binciken gaskiya ta hanyar tambaya
Shin Socrates Ya Yi Imani da Allah?
Eh, Socrates ya yi imani da Allah. Amma fahimtarsa game da Ubangiji ta bambanta da addinan gargajiya na Athens.
Ya yi imanin cewa:
- Allah Mai hikima ne
- Allah Mai adalci ne
- Allah yana da manufa ga halitta
- Bauta ga Allah ya kamata ta kasance bisa fahimta, gaskiya da kyawawan ɗabi’u
Wannan tunani nasa ya sa wasu daga cikin mutanen Athens suka ɗauke shi a matsayin mai sabawa al’ada.
Kammalawa
Idan ana magana kan manyan masu sauya tunanin ɗan Adam a tarihi, sunan Socrates ba zai rasa shiga cikin jerin ba. Ya koyar da duniya cewa tambaya ba alamar rashin sani ba ce, alamar neman gaskiya ce.
Rayuwarsa, shari’arsa da mutuwarsa sun zama darasi cewa mutum na iya rasa rayuwarsa saboda gaskiya, amma tunaninsa ya ci gaba da rayuwa har abada.
Socrates ya mutu, amma falsafarsa tana nan tana haskaka tunanin duniya har zuwa yau.
